Mussolini unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. In 1902, Mussolini emigrated to Switzerland, partly to avoid compulsory military service. 10 June 1940 Mussolini Speech Declaring War written by Jim H June 6, 2020 At 6:00 PM on 10 June 1940, a crowd gathered at Palazzo Venezia to hear Benito Mussolini declare war on Great Britain and France. Two men kicked the late Mussolini in the jaw while another put a pendant in his dead hand as a mock symbol of his lost power; a woman fired five pistol shots into his head as retaliation, she asserted, for the same number of her dead sons, all slain in Il Duce’s series of imperialistic wars since 1935. SPEECH DELIVERED BY PREMIER BENITO MUSSOLINI. [108][110] The improvement was also more apparent than real. In September 1911, Mussolini participated in a riot, led by socialists, against the Italian war in Libya. Following Vichy France's collapse and the Case Anton, Italy occupied the French territories of Corsica and Tunisia. [88] On 3 January 1925, Mussolini made a truculent speech before the Chamber in which he took responsibility for squadristi violence (though he did not mention the assassination of Matteotti). [116] In 1927, Mussolini was re-baptized by a Roman Catholic priest. He was a sincere and passionate advocate, first of vigilant and armed neutrality, and later of war; and he did not believe that he was compromising with his personal and political honesty by making use of every means—no matter where they came from or wherever he might obtain them—to pay for his newspaper, his program and his line of action. After joining a new school, Mussolini achieved good grades, and qualified as an elementary schoolmaster in 1901.[15]. Here is how Italy took down its dictator and changed sides in World War II. In 1930, in "The Doctrine of Fascism" he wrote, "The so-called crisis can only be settled by State action and within the orbit of the State. When a burly man picked up the slain Duce by the armpits and held him for the throng to view, the latter chanted, “Higher! [133] Only 28% of the entire military Italian budgets between 1934 and 1939 was spent on military modernization with the rest all being consumed by Mussolini's wars, which led to a rapid decline in Italian military power. He saw the war as an opportunity, both for his own ambitions as well as those of socialists and Italians. First, he went beyond the vague promise of future national renewal, and proved the movement could actually seize power and operate a comprehensive government in a major country along fascist lines. In a speech given in Bari in 1934, he reiterated his attitude towards the German ideology of Master race: Thirty centuries of history allow us to look with supreme pity on certain doctrines which are preached beyond the Alps by the descendants of those who were illiterate when Rome had Caesar, Virgil and Augustus. At the time of the Corfu incident, Mussolini was prepared to go to war with Britain, and only desperate pleading by the Italian Navy leadership, who argued that the Italian Navy was no match for the British Royal Navy, persuaded Mussolini to accept a diplomatic solution. From the beginning his was an ill-balanced temperament; he would be blatant at one moment, and weeping at another. -- The text of Premier Benito Mussolini's speech here today follows: View Full Article in Timesmachine » Along with his autobiographical writings of 1928, these writings would be combined and published by Da Capo Press as My Rise and Fall. [229] While many historians have explained Mussolini's introduction of the Manifesto of Race as being purely a pragmatic move to gain favour with Italy's new ally,[230] others have challenged that viewpoint[231] and pointed out that Mussolini, along with other Fascist officials, had encouraged antisemitic sentiment well before 1938, such as in response to significant Jewish participation in Giustizia e Libertà, a highly prominent anti-Fascist organisation. Mussolini assigned former ardito and deputy-secretary for Education Renato Ricci the task of "reorganizing the youth from a moral and physical point of view." Marinetti expressed his disdain for "the by now prehistoric and troglodyte Ancient Greek and Latin courses", arguing for their replacement with exercise modelled on those of the Arditi soldiers ("[learning] to advance on hands and knees in front of razing machine gun fire; to wait open-eyed for a crossbeam to move sideways over their heads etc."). A fiery rag was thrown in his face, his skull was cracked, and one of his eyes fell out of its socket. [36] When World War I started, Mussolini, like many Italian nationalists, volunteered to fight. [108] His reported overhauling of the railway network led to the popular saying, "Say what you like about Mussolini, he made the trains run on time. A third son, Bruno, was killed in an air accident while flying a Piaggio P.108 bomber on a test mission, on 7 August 1941. [208] He also began drawing parallels between himself and Jesus Christ. Some of his former comrades and admirers still confess that there was no one who understood better how to interpret the spirit of the proletariat and there was no one who did not observe his apostasy with sorrow. By the time he returned from service in the Allied forces of World War I, very little remained of Mussolini the socialist. When the Austrian 'austro-fascist' Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss with dictatorial power was assassinated on 25 July 1934 by National-Socialist supporters, Mussolini even threatened Germany with war in the event of a German invasion of Austria. Mussolini and the Italian military did not consistently apply the laws adopted in the Manifesto of Race. [153] The offer was tempting to Mussolini, but at that stage a world war would be a disaster for Italy as the armaments situation from building the Italian Empire thus far was lean. "[163] Part of his comment was in relation to earlier success the Italians had in Africa, before being defeated by an Allied force later. Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci set out for Switzerland, intending to board a plane and escape to Spain. [112] At various times after 1922, Mussolini personally took over the ministries of the interior, foreign affairs, colonies, corporations, defense, and public works. The truth we aim to teach them should appeal foremost to their fantasy, to their hearts, and only then to their minds". After yielding to pressures from Hitler and the remaining loyal fascists who formed the government of the Republic of Salò, Mussolini helped orchestrate a series of executions of some of the fascist leaders who had betrayed him at the last meeting of the Fascist Grand Council. The 1929 treaty included a legal provision whereby the Italian government would protect the honor and dignity of the Pope by prosecuting offenders. In 1925 he held a speech in the Italian parliament, where he was already highlighting his right to supreme power. In addition, the German army occupied the Dalmatian provinces of Split (Spalato) and Kotor (Cattaro), which were subsequently annexed by the Croatian fascist regime. I await the end of the tragedy and—strangely detached from everything—I do not feel any more an actor. [85], As Prime Minister, the first years of Mussolini's rule were characterized by a right-wing coalition government composed of Fascists, nationalists, liberals, and two Catholic clerics from the People's Party. Italy's gains in Greece and Albania were also lost to Germany, with the exception of the Italian Aegean Islands, which remained nominally under RSI rule. Mussolini nominated Mori as a senator, and fascist propaganda claimed that the Mafia had been defeated. Mussolini believed that the United States was doomed as the American blacks had a higher birthrate than whites, making it inevitable that the blacks would take over the United States to drag it down to their level. [23], Mussolini was an admirer of Friedrich Nietzsche. Italy's King Victor Emanuel III was also wary of the pact, favoring the more traditional Italian allies like France, and fearful of the implications of an offensive military alliance, which in effect meant surrendering control over questions of war and peace to Hitler. Under his leadership, its circulation soon rose from 20,000 to 100,000. It was in those years that the first Fascist youth wings were formed: Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista (Fascist Youth Vanguards) in 1919, and Gruppi Universitari Fascisti (Fascist University Groups) in 1922. All other parties were outlawed following Zamboni's assassination attempt in 1926, though in practice Italy had been a one-party state since 1925 (with either his January speech to the Chamber or the passage of the Christmas Eve law, depending on the source). And is being reposted due to reader interest we should take steps to ensure that political and frontiers... 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