The French Revolution altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies and replacing them with republics and liberal democracies. Schama (History/Harvard), author of Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands 1780-1813 and The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age, offers an epic new history of the French Revolution in honor of this year's bicentenary. When Louis XVI was executed in January 1793, his severed head was paraded around for the crowd and was met with exclamations of "Vive la République!". Faced with the heavy expenditure that the wars of the 18th century entailed, the rulers of Europe sought to raise money by taxing the nobles and clergy, who in most countries had hitherto been exempt, To justify this, the rulers likewise invoked the arguments of advanced thinkers by adopting the role of “enlightened despots.” This provoked reaction throughout Europe from the privileged bodies, diets. This important study of the historiography of the French Revolution, first published in 1978, is in two connected parts, the first consisting of a general critique of predominantly French understandings of the Revolution, and the second of studies of three different approaches thereto, those of classical Marxism, de Tocqueville, and Cochin. 1.2 Subject interpretation 1.2.1 Causes of French revolution of 1789 - Political, Social, Religious, Intellectual and Economic. In North America this backlash caused the American Revolution, which began with the refusal to pay a tax imposed by the king of Great Britain. Louis XVI had bankrupted France ’s treasury with opulent spending, as well as sending troops and arms to aid the Americans in their revolution, beginning in 1776, against the English monarchy. François Furet’s landmark text Interpreting the French Revolution sought to address this imbalance. Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Several factors, such as the American Revolution influenced the French Revolution. Notinga downward economic spiral in the late 1700s,King Louis XVI brought in a number of financial advisorsto review the weakened French treasury. To Marxist historians, the tumult in France began as a bourgeois revolution. The tone, particularly with regard to the established Marxist construction of the 'bourgeois revolution', is often polemical and contrarian, but the text is. The assembly refused to take responsibility for the reforms and suggested the calling of the Estates-General, which represented the clergy, the aristocracy, and the Third Estate (the commoners) and which had not met since 1614. The increasingly numerous and prosperous elite of wealthy commoners—merchants, manufacturers, and professionals, often called the bourgeoisie—aspired to political power in those countries where it did not already possess it. It is, perhaps, surprising that it was in France, Europe's strongest nation at the end of the eighteenth century, that the first European revolution would take place. The radical phase of the French Revolution, or the Reign of Terror, is currently analyzed as either a reaction to specific events, such as foreign wars and internal counterrevolution, or as the logical consequence of the ideologies of 1789. The listed critical essays and books will be invaluable for writing essays and papers on The French Revolution … There are no discussion topics on this book yet. Furet's book is based on the complementary ideas of these two writers in an attempt to cut through the apparent and misleading clarity of various contradictory views of the Revolution, and to help decipher some of the enigmatic problems of revolutionary ideology. In his analysis of the tragic relevance of the Revolution, Furet both refers to contemporary experience and discusses various elements in the work of Alexis de Tocclueville and that of Augustin Cochin, which has never been systematically applied by historians of the Revolution. Book description: In the last generation the classic Marxist interpretation of the French Revolution has been challenged by the so-called revisionist school. Counterrevolution, regicide, and the Reign of Terror, The Directory and revolutionary expansion, https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution, U.S. Department of State - Office of the Historian - The United States and the French Revolution, French Revolution - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), French Revolution - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Marie-Thérèse-Louise de Savoie-Carignan, princess de Lamballe, Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, prince de Bénévent, The growing popularity of the works of a number of intellectuals who argued for social reform, Crop failures in 1788 compounded existing economic restlessness, French participation in the American Revolution that drove the government to the brink of bankruptcy, Resentment among the bourgeoisie about being excluded from political power, The French monarchy, no longer seen as divinely ordained, was unable to adapt to the political and societal pressures being exerted on it, Widespread inequality between the rich and poor classes alongside growing dissatisfaction with the antiquated feudal system among the poor, Establishment of civil equality in the country (but not in the French colonies) and radical social change, The Reign of Terror, during which the Revolutionary government arrested 300,000 suspects, resulting in at least 25,000 deaths, The abolition of the monarchy and the deaths of King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, Wars with a number of other countries, including Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain. The storming of the Bastille is still honored in France as a national holiday. Interpreting the French Revolution The French Revolution is an historical event unlike any other. A semiotically oriented critique of the mainstream interpretation of the French Revolution. The economic history of revolutionary France is still a neglected area in studies of the Revolution of 1789. The French Revolution signed the death certificate of the Old Regime. Corrections? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. I would have gotten more out of it if I simply had a better understanding of each respective author, as while he gives you explanations, the book still relies on prior knowledge. This wonderful book about the history of the French revolution is full of ideas. It sought to completely change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed and to redefine the nature of political power. The first of the general causes was the social structure of the West. French Revolution, also called Revolution of 1789, revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789—hence the conventional term “Revolution of 1789,” denoting the end of the ancien régime in France and serving also to distinguish that event from the later French revolutions of 1830 and 1848. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. An Austro-Prussian army invaded France, and French revolutionary forces pushed outward. When the mob first stormed the Bastille that ignited the French Revolution, many cheered and supported these events as a glorious replay of the American Revolution. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Clarke’s thesis merely confirmed what I had already suspected: that the interpretation of the French Revolution promulgated by the post-revolutionary, left-wing French establishment, that the revolution had stolen authority from kings and gifted it to the common man, is, … There were many reasons. Scanned and prepared for the Marxist Internet Archive by Paul Flewers. However, ma… France thus would be pacified and linked. For France, which with 26 million inhabitants in 1789 was the most populated country of Europe, the problem was most acute. Start by marking “Interpreting the French Revolution” as Want to Read: Error rating book. The economic history of revolutionary France is still a neglected area in studies of the revolution of 1789. It ushered in what is known as the Age of Revolutions, a period in which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in many parts of Europe and the Americas. From about 1770, this trend slackened, and economic crises, provoking alarm and even revolt, became frequent. The Jacobins attempted to eradicate Christianity in France. It is more than just a topic of intellectual interest: it has become part of a moral and political heritage. Early Years. Furet discusses competing frameworks for analyzing the event, largely those with a conceptual and detached understanding vs those with a vested interest in the revolutionary ideology. “The French Revolution was a period of time from 1789 to 1799 where France was politically instable. Source: Historical Association Pamphlet, General Series, no 47 (London, 1961). 1.2.3 Effects of the revolution on France and Europe. Check all that apply: Watch this chapter's Author Insights Video Podcasts. Years of feudal oppression and fiscal mismanagementcontributed to a French society that was ripe for revolt. It translating, proving meaning, making things easier to understand. by Cambridge University Press. Many revolutionaries, especially the Girondins, believed that the revolution needed to spread throughout Europe to succeed. [36] For an overview of Constant's political thought, see Stephen Holmes, Benjamin Constant and the Making of Modern Liberalism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), and Étienne Hofmann, Les principes de politique de Benjamin Constant. The tone, particularly with regard to the established Marxist construction of the 'bourgeois revolution', is often polemical and contrarian, but the text is framed within a recognisably French structuralist approach of discourse and the dialectic, and, within its historiographical analysis, posits the author's thesis of a continuity in historical development between the Ancien Régime and the Revolution. Welcome back. But after two centuries, this central event in French history has usually been thought of in much the same terms as it was by its contemporaries. September 24th 1981 In some respects, the French Revolution did not succeed. Each advisor reached thesame conclusion—that France needed a radical change in the way ittaxed the public—and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out. They failed to take a critical distance from the tradition practiced by the revolutionaries themselves and pe. But after two centuries, this central event in French history has usually been thought of in much the same terms as it … There were practically no exclusions from the voting; and the electors drew up cahiers de doléances, which listed their grievances and hopes. Furet shows - as it was never done before - that with Revolution the "sun of the future" is not the new world, and the new man is not seen. One of the most important causes of the French Revolution was the Enlightenment ideas and the American Revolution. And what is “interpreting”? Those who were socially beneath them had very few rights, and most were also increasingly impoverished. Print out or refer to the Chapter Summary and Outline as you read the chapter and attend class. It began on 14th of June 14th 1789 when the Bastille, a symbol of the power of the French monarchy, was stormed. The monarchy was no longer viewed as divinely ordained. Un apport riche et bien étayé aux grandes analyses sur le sens de la Grande Revolution. So what is “historiography”? A revolution seemed necessary to apply the ideas of Montesquieu, Voltaire, or Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Furet has a brilliant style and he presents a conservative version of the French Revolution, without at the same deprecating the supporters of the event. The Coming of the French Revolution is a pleasurable and enlightening read on the Revolution of 1789. Catalogue The French Revolution: an economic interpretation. Omissions? The French Revolution had general causes common to all the revolutions of the West at the end of the 18th century and particular causes that explain why it was by far the most violent and the most universally significant of these revolutions. Lefebvre’s book stands as a classic among history books on the French Revolution. I would have gotten more out of it if I simply had a better understanding of each respective author, as while he gives you explanations, the book still relies on prior knowledge. The philosophes—intellectuals whose writings inspired these arguments—were certainly influenced by 17th-century theorists such as René Descartes, Benedict de Spinoza and John Locke, but they came to very different conclusions about political, social, and economic matters. Ideas spread widely through the printing press. In his introduction, Furet says that the French Revolution is finished. According to this view, which glorified the revolution, an attempt by a rising urban bourgeoisie to overthrow the monarchy led within four years to … Marxist interpretations dominated the historiography of the French Revolution for much of the 20th century. Let us know what’s wrong with this preview of, Published Furet discusses competing frameworks for analyzing the event, largely those with a conceptual and detached understanding vs those with a vested interest in the revolutionary ideology. It proceeded in a back-and-forth process between revolutionary and reactionary forces. The bourgeoisie—merchants, manufacturers, professionals—had gained financial power but were excluded from political power. The king, Louis XVI, had to yield. It had many other repercussions including end of feudalism, lessening the importance of religion; destruction of oligarchies; economic Growth in Europe; rise of Mod… Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. While some attention has been given to the condition of the peasants, the urban working classes and the financial crisis of the Ancien Regime, there has been a general tendency to regard economic factors as external and somewhat peripheral to the truly political nature of the … and estates. Furthermore, from about 1730, higher standards of living had reduced the mortality rate among adults considerably. The later Bolsheviks admired the French Revolution and especially the Jacobins, the extremist French revolutionaries who had instigated the Reign of Terror. It is more than just a topic of intellectual interest: it has become part of a moral and political heritage. No period of history has so frequently been rewritten in the light of current preoccupations or been such a repeated battleground of conflicting ideologies as the French Revolution. This, together with other factors, had led to an increase in the population of Europe unprecedented for several centuries: it doubled between 1715 and 1800. French Revolution, also called Revolution of 1789, revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789—hence the conventional term “Revolution of 1789,” denoting the end of the ancien régime in France and serving also to distinguish that event from the later French revolutions of 1830 and 1848. François Furet (27 March 1927, Paris – 12 July 1997, Figeac) was a French historian, and president of the Saint-Simon Foundation, well known for his books on the French Revolution. Instead, Furet says, we should conceptualize the revolution by means of explicit concepts. In particular, the idea that intellectuals are the worst people to govern as they believe in ideals, hence Robespierre killing people in the name of the people. It was driven by class struggle between the rising bourgeoisie and the aristocracy, and marked France’s transition from feudalismto capitalism. Furet's prose can be torturous at times. The feudal regime had been weakened step-by-step and had already disappeared in parts of Europe. Stanford Libraries' official online search tool for books, media, journals, databases, government documents and more. This question has become a riddle for the European left, answered neither by Marx nor by the theorists of our own century. He is an expert in the field of eighteenth-century French history, a skilled conventional Arguments for social reform began to be advanced. Amazon.com: Interpreting the French Revolution (9780521280495): Furet, François, Forster, Elborg: Books The books is divided into three parts, but most of Furet's revisionist ideas are concentrated in the introductory part, where he takes multiple stabs at Marxist historiographers for pigeonholing the Revolution into what he calls a vulgarized Marxist schema. François Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 70. No one factor was directly responsible for the FrenchRevolution. We’d love your help. It will be of value to historians of modern Europe and their students; to political, social and economic historians; to sociologists; and to students of political thought. The peasants, many of whom owned land, had attained an improved standard of living and education and wanted to get rid of the last vestiges of feudalism so as to acquire the full rights of landowners and to be free to increase their holdings. A larger population created a greater demand for food and consumer goods. There have been many accounts of the French Revolution, and though their opinions differ, they have often been commemorative or anniversary interpretations of the original event. Refresh and try again. For a very long time, what Professor Soboul likes to describe as the ‘classical’ interpretation provided the frame of reference for all the arguments. Although scholarly debate continues about the exact causes of the Revolution, the following reasons are commonly adduced: (1) the bourgeoisie resented its exclusion from political power and positions of honour; (2) the peasants were acutely aware of their situation and were less and less willing to support the anachronistic and burdensome feudal system; (3) the philosophes had been read more widely in France than anywhere else; (4) French participation in the American Revolution had driven the government to the brink of bankruptcy; (5) France was the most populous country in Europe, and crop failures in much of the country in 1788, coming on top of a long period of economic difficulties, compounded existing restlessness; and (6) the French monarchy, no longer seen as divinely ordained, was unable to adapt to the political and societal pressures that were being exerted on it. Monarchs tried to stop this reaction of the aristocracy, and both rulers and the privileged classes sought allies among the nonprivileged bourgeois and the peasants. I would have given this 6 stars if I could. Whilst some attention has been given to the condition of the peasants, the urban working classes and the financial crisis of the Ancient Régime, there has been a general tendency to regard economic factors as external and somewhat peripheral to the truly political nature of the Revolution. Be the first to ask a question about Interpreting the French Revolution. It is a strand of well-researched essays—the type of book that … Burke questions whether the French Revolution was truly justified, arguing that even in early 1789, most French political figures were seeking reform, not revolution. During the spring and summer of 1788, there was unrest among the populace in Paris, Grenoble, Dijon, Toulouse, Pau, and Rennes. He reappointed reform-minded Jacques Necker as the finance minister and promised to convene the Estates-General on May 5, 1789. This Enlightenment was spread among the educated classes by the many “societies of thought” that were founded at that time: masonic lodges, agricultural societies, and reading rooms. When the king sought to increase the tax burden on the poor and expand it to classes that had previously been exempt, revolution became all but inevitable. But the ideas of representational democracy and basic property rights took hold, and it sowed the seeds of the later revolutions of 1830 and 1848. But after two centuries, this central event in French history has usually been thought of in much the same terms as it was by its contemporaries. The French Revolution is an historical event unlike any other. It was challenged by the late Professor Cobban in his Wiles Lectures, published in 1964 as The Social Interpretation of the … Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. It is uncertain, however, whether revolution would have come without the added presence of a political crisis. An interesting analysis of various modes of understanding the French Revolution. For him, the republican model could not be questionned. This experience convinced him that governments must respond to the practical needs of the peoples they govern and that political crises do not all yield to the same measures. Furet’s signal contribution to the interpretation of the French Revolution was this: he removed from the center of our historical concerns the old insistence upon social categories and conflicts, and replaced it with an emphasis upon the political and intellectual debates and outcomes of France’s revolutionary past, reminding his readers that the Revolution was above all a radical shift in … They advocated a liberal s… There have been many accounts of the French Revolution, a. The Revolution is conceived in primarily political and ideological terms as the manifestation of a revolutionary consciousness which adapts the mechanisms of administrative monarchy to the pursuit of democratic centralisation, and in which Jacobinism and the Terror of 1793-4 are understood as inherent in, and the dialectical result of, the principles of 1789. The French Revolution. It is more than just a topic of intellectual interest: it has become part of a moral and political heritage. Furet's prose can be torturous at times. It is more than just a topic of intellectual interest: it has become part of a moral and political heritage. When he saw what was unfolding in France in 1789 and 1790, Burke became alarmed that the revolutionaries were ignoring the wisdom achieved by long experience and that they were acting on assumptions that were c… The dividing line of revolutionary historiography, in intellectual terms, is therefore not between the right and the left, but between commemorative and conceptual history, as exemplified respectively in the works of Michelet and Tocquevifle. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The result of that revolution was nothing less than the destruction of the ancien régime, a social order that had been built over centuries but crumbled in a few short years. The books is divided into three parts, but most of Furet's revisionist ideas are concentrated in the introductory part, where he takes multiple stabs at Marxist historiographers for pigeonholing the Revolution into what he calls a vulgarized Marxist schema. A suggested list of literary criticism on History SparkNotes's The French Revolution (1789–1799). He also, in practice, granted freedom of the press, and France was flooded with pamphlets addressing the reconstruction of the state. One of the best books I've read. 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