Companies and labs are working on turning CO2 into plastics, building materials like cement and concrete, fuels, futuristic materials like carbon fibers and graphene, and even household products like baking soda, bleach, antifreeze, inks and paints. Its great to read an article with real insight, and then see all the interesting and creative comments that people post in response to it. Iâll stop before this becomes a complete article in its own right (or perhaps that ship has sailed). And the best part is that it costs only $40 for per tonne of CO2. 643 0 obj Not impressed. The biomass is then harvested and burned in a power plant to produce energy, with the CO2 being captured and stored. The Boom in the Hydrogen Economy is a very expensive dead end. Carbon-negative CCU, which takes carbon from the air and embeds it in long-lasting products, could compensate for emissions from harder-to-abate sectors or help reduce atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 by drawing CO 2 out of the atmosphere. The idea behind CCS is to capture the CO2 generated by burning fossil fuels before it is released to the atmosphere. This book provides the latest global perspective on the role and value of CCS in delivering temperature targets and reducing the impact of global warming. Concrete is among the worldâs most consumed materialsâsecond only to water. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) refers to a collection of technologies that can combat climate change by reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. I’d bet that the more good news we get on carbon capture, the worse all the other problems of fossil fuels will become. If used more widely, experts claim it could go a long way toward meeting the ambitious climate targets that were set in the Paris Agreement. The US Department of Energy wants to accelerate the development of carbon capture technology. There will always be a carbon footprint as long as people walk the earth. Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies are critical for putting energy systems around the world on a sustainable path. The captured CO2 gas is then compressed so it becomes liquid-like and transported to a storage site, generally through a pipeline. Technologies that store carbon dioxide deep below the Earth's surface, through a process called carbon capture and sequestration, are another way we can remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. The new technology requires 17 percent less energy to accomplish the same task as its commercial counterparts, surpassing barriers that have kept other forms of carbon capture from widespread . Investment into carbon capture technologies is growing rapidly as is government support around the world. In the above-mentioned carbon capture and storage facilities, the companies mainly use enhanced oil recovery, where CO2 is directly injected into oil reserves to make it easier to extract oil. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is any of several technologies that trap carbon dioxide (CO 2) emitted from large industrial plants before this greenhouse . One billion vehicles in the world. Contributors unite from different perspectives and disciplines, ranging from agronomy and hydrology to economics. The resulting collection is an accessible but wide-ranging look at the modern food system. DISCLAIMER: All opinions in this column reflect the views of the . Photo: The Earth Institute. Especially an educated scholor. More likely, it will exacerbate the ones we don’t explicitly combat. Cars are brilliant if used wisely, but it has proven too tempting to overuse them. November 11, 2019 by Ella Adlen and Cameron Hepburn. Carbon capture and utilisation technologies are solutions to reduce CO2 emissions and move away from fossil resources. That’s a cool $32 billion dollars to not-really-clean-it-very -well. The required iron and minerals always being close to the growing kelp plants, this is regardless of what iron or other minerals, may be lacking in the surrounding ocean. The Global CCS Instituteâs report asserts that the biggest obstruction to realizing the full potential of carbon capture and storage technology is that the market still does not provide any substantial incentives for companies to gain a full return on investment. With that being the case, public goods are usually provided by the public sector. Typically set up to collect carbon from an exhaust stream, this technology . Call it The CC Rider. One example of this is Climework's Orca plant in Iceland , which has become the largest direct air capture and storage plant in the world. This book focuses on the recent trends in carbon management and up-to-date information on different carbon management strategies that lead to manage increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. There are four steps: Capturing the CO2, liquefying it, shipping it, and storing it . We need to understand carbon capture, storage and utilisation (CCUS) better. Researchers are chalking out a plan that could bridge the gap between where the technology stands and where it needs to go. It also produces large amounts of heat-trapping greenhouse gases. Only if the aircraft collect more than they emit. This can then be the basis for making biofuels, fertilizers, or animal feed. The full proposal can be viewed using the link below. The reason why carbon capture and storage technology is so sophisticated is that CO2 has been stored in natural rock formations for periods of over one thousand years. 40,000 aircraft a day collecting a small amount of carbon must be worth thinking about if not already advanced and I missed it? Get over it – stop extracting this killer stuff and move on. This website uses cookies as well as similar tools and technologies to understand visitors' experiences. All these things. Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) involves trapping the gas at its emission source — say, a smokestack or a natural gas plant — before it can be released into the atmosphere. Today, a surge of new technologies like hydrogen with carbon capture and storage and direct air capture show equal promise. The United States is the worldâs leader in this space, hosting the highest number of large-scale carbon capture and storage facilities in the world. endobj "This is a technology that can be scaled—it's cheap and . In January 2020, Saipem, an energy technology and engineering firm, acquired CO 2 Solutions, a start-up that is using enzymes to boost the carbon-capture kinetics of aqueous potassium carbonate. Thanks for inquiring for comment.Sincerely. Common estimates of carbon capture technologies - which only look at the carbon captured from energy production at a fossil fuel plant itself and not upstream emissions - say carbon capture . CCS is sometimes referred to as CCUS, where the âUâ stands for utilization. The world in no way can sustain such a large population conveniently and comfortably. But those systems are each the size of a chemical plant, cost hundreds of millions of dollars, require a lot of energy to run, and work only on exhaust streams that contain high . ( No need to fertilize the entire ocean ). In the past few decades, we have observed a constant increase in CO2 content in the air (currently ca. 400 ppm [0.04%]). This book discusses the technology related to carbon (i.e. The amine solution is extremely corrosive and requires capital . You may use that name free of charge. Carbon capture technology has been around for decades, and is used to strip carbon out of factory emissions as well as remove carbon that's already in the air. Ōkĩ���LwUx!�����C�ׂ��Ğ���(]�/N̴*X\즚�������swA��蟚w�,��|*��O�]6��� �Ԫa5�n�U��ct�-t����U1��q���Ǿ7�81I͐��m'&�a-��t~�E�Td��T J�砭��#c:�xf������ΐ��[u�Tm/��A�QE�AT�)�JỶ,�츛u�ێ����-�D������pTw��L����P�T�n���&7&i,;�(9=cp�� 3MQ79Z�"�4��QuY��u��fҘ����D՟!�B!�{|�*�����+�i�u@�%*�'�g�D���[k�>n;5(����U^��X���_� ���f���߳���:�T?��;�����?��Zd���qm^�{�+�WH�:h(��d^�vt�J�| �7�$ɂŦ��"�o�"_!iuÖ�����ū����Qqę��I/}�x�ŵ�٧G�_q�s������� farcical COP21. The biocatalyst pulls carbon out of methane or carbon dioxide from farms, water treatment plants, landfills, and energy facilities. A big advance in carbon capture technology could provide an efficient and inexpensive way for natural gas power plants to remove carbon dioxide from their flue emissions, a necessary step in . The compendium aims to contribute to low carbon development in the region by promoting further research, innovation, and investment in emerging technologies. Carbon Capture: A Technology Assessment Congressional Research Service Summary Carbon capture and sequestration (or carbon capture an d storage, CCS) is widely seen as a critical strategy for limiting atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2)—the principal "greenhouse Hitz and his small team of technicians are running Orca, the world's biggest commercial direct air capture (DAC) device, which in September began pulling carbon dioxide out of the air at a site . Most climate experts see carbon capture as one of many tools that can help the world to transition away from fossil fuels. However, the level to which CCT supports sustainable development is a widely . There are about 20 CCUS projects operating commercially, nowhere near enough to clean up the world's carbon emissions. Beyond carbon capture—we need car capture! Today, there are 43 commercial large-scale carbon capture and storage facilities all over the world. While these technologies may work, they are unproven, expensive, and for the most part theoretical. Such a strategy is called carbon capture and storage (CCS). The first carbon capture plant was proposed in 1938, and the first large-scale project to inject CO2 into the ground launched in the Sharon Ridge oilfield in Texas in 1972. How ever small the collection would start the technology would expand quickly! Other existing methods have energy consumption which vary between 1 to 10 gigajoules per ton, depending on the inlet carbon dioxide concentration, Voskian says. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) refers to a collection of technologies that can combat climate change by reducing carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions.The idea behind CCS is to capture the CO 2 generated by burning fossil fuels before it is released to the atmosphere. to significantly mitigate global warming as the disingenuously Carbon capture technology is the "elephant in the room," Fernando Gonzalez, chief executive of Mexico's Cemex, said in a company presentation this month, referring to the challenges around . The Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies Program at MIT conducted research into technologies to capture, utilize, and store CO2 from large stationary sources. Scientists need a place to go and get information about energy technologies. Where is carbon capture technology being used? Visit L.A. or Beijing or really any city. KhK�an�P�����88��>2Vpظ��. https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/about/partners. Though it is a grim conclusion, I think it is one worth stating: for But âutilizationââselling the CO2 as a valuable productâcould help create markets for carbon capture, and make it cheaper for companies to invest in capturing their CO2 emissions. Since 2009, with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, RTI scientists have been working on a solvent to capture carbon dioxide from power plants that burn fossil fuels. ", How Stuff Works: "How carbon capture works", Vox: "Carbon capture and utilization" (Four-Part News Series), Carbon Brief: "Around the world in 22 carbon capture projects" (Map), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage" (Report), National Petroleum Council: "Meeting the Dual Challenge" (Report). Carbon capture technology is the "elephant in the room," Fernando Gonzalez, chief executive of Mexico's Cemex, said in a company presentation this month, referring to the challenges around . Just how much space would we need to store all the carbon even if we could capture it? ; Captured carbon dioxide can be put to productive use in enhanced oil recovery and the manufacture of fuels, building materials, and more, or be stored in underground geologic formations. How much energy would that require? children – they, and their kids – will end up living in a hotter world; <>stream This book is divided in two sections. Several chapters in the first section provide a state-of-the-art review of various carbon sinks for CO2 sequestration such as soil and oceans. Meanwhile, a huge issue for carbon capture and sequestration technology is the price tag. Whilst UK industry is poised to make substantial investments in CCS and full scale demonstration projects, the Government needs to display much greater urgency and commitment, by increasing investment in research, development and ... {�}�\�n�f��9�����D��?��I��ѓ�)��^�I��~���]�y�}�p������/}F���|6#����y[����p��\ʺ�v��S]�����|q�[��ۇ�?�~�/�=��Wϋ���/#���3^=w�/=���ပ��"7Ws Pure CO2 is also used in greenhouses to grow plants. For large-scale implementation of CCS, utilization is projected to use less than 10% of the captured CO2. IMPACCT Project: IMPACCT's 15 projects seek to develop technologies for existing coal-fired power plants that will lower the cost of carbon capture. This book addresses the fundamentals of CO2 storage for long-term sequestration in a subsurface geologic formation. In general, membrane gas separation can find a large room of application in flue gas. Grow more plants and repeat. But I’ve met a few humans, seen their ways, so I fear that it will actually give us license to burn more fossil fuels less responsibly. More funding of research and development (R&D) can help reduce costs, improve efficiency, and accelerate the deployment of hydrogen and carbon capture solutions—leading to a more reliable grid. The good news is that, over the years, the technology has evolved to a level where there are no technical barriers to effectively storing CO2 permanently on a large scale. This book summarises the advanced CO2 capture technologies that can be used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially those from large-scale sources, such as power-generation and steel-making plants. The following figure illustrates those capture approaches, noting challenges, as well as established and developmental technologies in those areas. "The price has already come down dramatically, and as it scales up, I think it's not unrealistic . Are there other technologies or strategies for carbon capture systems that have not been discussed thus far? Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a way of reducing carbon emissions, which could be key to helping to tackle global warming. Let plants remove the carbon dioxide. The following questions were submitted through our Instagram page by one of our followers. For what it’s worth, the center has also done plenty of work that promotes carbon taxes and renewable energy. The question is then: What to do with the captured CO2? plus. Elon Musk to donate sliver of net worth for carbon capture The Tesla CEO tweeted he would be give $100 million toward a technology prize. Materials for Carbon Dioxide Mitigation Technology offers expert insight and experience from recognized authorities in advanced material development in carbon mitigation technology and constitutes a comprehensive guide to the selection and ... Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization deals at length with the various aspects of carbon dioxide capture, its utilization and takes a closer look at the earth processes in carbon dioxide storage. âTo put it briefly: Yes, it does work,â said Julio Friedmann, a senior research scholar at the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University. He pointed out that industrial facilities that scrub carbon dioxide from their flue gas have reduced their life-cycle emissions of CO2 by 55 to 90 percent. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the International Energy Agency agree that CCS is . Please, please do the arithmetic. Many countries and corporations view carbon capture, utilization and storage as one of the main technologies available to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from extensive use of fossil fuels. Some of these products are already being sold, but none in very large amounts. Is it a silly thought that all aircraft could be fitted for carbon collection and a system and procedure put in place to service this collection unit in the same way other aircraft service is implemented. Another organization, Aether Diamonds, is developing carbon-negative diamonds, using direct carbon capture technology. endstream Will . This is the human race. Sunday Sanity COP26 Edition with âChasing Iceâ Photographer James... Columbia University Website Cookie Notice. Over 70 percent of this is done in North America. Most current CCS strategies call for the injection of CO2 deep underground. Why not just not extract the fossil fuels? Different kinds of CCU can play very different roles in climate policy. This book focuses on issues related to a suite of technologies known asCarbon Capture and Storage (CCS), which can be used to capture and store underground large amounts of industrial CO2 emissions. That along with the consumer bent mentality. Oh, your little unit at an American university is just a front for the planet killing Oil Industry. Out of the 18 facilities, 10 are in the U.S. Texas boasts of the largest facility, which is known as the Century Natural Gas plant. Carbon capture technology is the "elephant in the room," Fernando Gonzalez, chief executive of Mexico's Cemex, said in a company presentation this month, referring to the challenges around . I’m sorry to be the bearer of bad news: solving the climate crisis and saving our skins is going to involve a bit of sacrifice. By Good idea, but the tech isn’t quite there yet. I have a proposal for removing gigatonnes of CO2 from the South Pacific Ocean and in doing so reducing the acidity. The hydrogen economy, on this basis is a fool’s errand, and on almost every other basis too. <>stream This report draws on relevant technical assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB), consultants' reports, and the work of ADB staff to assess the potential, the barriers and the challenges in demonstrating and deploying CCS in the PRC. The research, published today in Nature Communications, is the first to explore the use of direct air capture (DAC) in multiple computer models. Awesome. They tried something like that in California on diesel engines and it caused more problems than it solved. And yet CCS is not widely deployed. In this book, Michael Faure and Roy Partain offer a theoretical and practical discussion of one of the main obstacles to CCS adoption: complex liability and compensation issues. I just wanted to emphasize how important it is that we recognise the many problems that fossil fuels create, and talk about the risks of making progress on only the most newsworthy one. This book examines the potential role of CCS from four perspectives: technology development, economic competitiveness, environmental and safety impacts, and social acceptance. The point being made here is this: the viability of CCS is not just a function of technology, but also politics and economics. Would love your thoughts, please comment. The CO2 is then stored in the layers of rock that previously retained oil. Green technologies? Why not simply sequester the carbon? Scientists have identified that post-combustion capture of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) using amine absorption, a liquid-based carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, is capable of capturing up to . Julio Friedmann is a senior research scholar at the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University. Carbon Engineering's technology is based on a 100-year-old industrial process made up of well-understood and existing technology, integrating an air contactor and a regeneration cycle for continuous capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide and production of pure carbon dioxide. I appreciate the information in this article. It is idiotic to pump carbon from the ground and then “capture” it from the air and put it back in the ground. Once at the storage site, the CO2 is pumped more than 2,500 feet down wells into geological formations like used-up oil and gas reservoirs, as well as formations that contain unusable, salty water. This book is the first systematic presentation of the technical, legal, and economic forces that must coalesce to realize carbon dioxide capture and geologic sequestration as a viable CO2 reduction strategy. Carbon-capture technology has been around for decades and is used in some industries, but it's still expensive - costing as much as $120 a ton in cement production and power generation . EOR is where CO2 is injected into active oil reservoirs in order to recover more oil. There are a variety of technologies for doing this. WASHINGTON, D.C. — The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced $24 million in funding for nine research projects to explore and develop new methods of capturing and storing carbon from the air. {As an aside – thank you to the people who host this site. https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2020/09/15/energizing-america-energy-innovation/ The key to doing this is the design of the individual kelp buoys which allows the minerals required by the growing kelp plants to be carried by each kelp buoy. 10 Carbon Capture methods compared: costs, scalability, permanence, cleanness. With proven carbon capture technologies, carbon may be sequestered into long-term crops, soils, and unmanaged habitats. For now, we have efficiency, conservation, natural carbon sequestration, and the artificial kind. Carbon Capture Journal focuses on industrial carbon capture from power stations and industrial plants and carbon dioxide underground storage, including new technology, policy and projects. Or we could use the CO2 to grow algae or bacteria. Climate change is the greatest ecological, economic, and social challenge of our time. Climate change research over many years shows links between human activities and warming of the atmosphere and oceans. The first carbon capture plant was proposed in 1938, and the first large-scale project to inject CO2 into the ground launched in the Sharon Ridge oilfield in Texas in 1972. Ship transport is more expensive than using pipelines, but it is being considered in both Europe and Japan. x��]Yo��~7��Џr ���Bh�U�� ����0ȃ�h�X�r���p;��,�[���l���v���pxx�������������������ç�_����~����/_��>~������ѿ���=�������_o߰���.vlgܟ�"vwo����v�����͇�����>��� wc;��BNZ�f��1�O������y��7����r���w_�[��������o~�Xo���~ۭ��>�۽b.�v��>��v����/��ˋ������~{'/���_��_��o������1����Oz���-�o�|NJ5s�6t�ۅ���89I��\=|�;v�Ӹ�11� Big Oil (Gas) clearly has vested interests. That is if policies and incentives could keep pace with the technology. Greenhouse gases are gasesâlike carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxideâthat keep the Earth warmer than it would be without them. If not for fossil fuels, the planet could not generate the food necessary to sustain the population. You Asked: Why Is it So Hard to Predict Volcanic Eruptions? This book explores the science behind converting CO2 into fuels for our cars and planes, and for use in plastics and foams for our homes and cars, pharmaceuticals, building materials, and many more useful products. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license, by Howard Herzog, Senior Research Engineer in the MIT Energy Initiative. With respect to the latter, Global CCS Institute states that “There is a lack of âdiscernibleâ cost curves that show actual cost reductions year on year and the potential for reductions into the future”. Compared to other existing carbon capture technologies, this system is quite energy efficient, using about one gigajoule of energy per ton of carbon dioxide captured, consistently. Sorry, when you say that it costs only 40$/ton, you are obviously referring to the cost when used in Enhanced Oil Recovery. We emit so much CO2 into the atmosphere that, if carbon capture is going to play any significant part in the fight against climate change, we will have to store most of the captured CO2 underground. There has also been considerable interest recently in using CCS technologies to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. One option is bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), where biomass (like wood or grasses) removes CO2 from the air through photosynthesis. You Asked: Whatâs It Going to Take to Adapt to Climate Change? Despite the importance of CCUS for achieving clean energy transitions, deployment has been slow to take off - there are only around 20 commercial CCUS operations worldwide. endobj But critics, including Mark Ogge from the Australia Institute, say carbon capture and storage is a government fossil fuel handout, which is putting our transition to proven clean technology in peril. The National Academies of . This volume provides a comprehensive reference on the state of the art research, development and demonstration of carbon storage and utilisation, covering all the storage options and their environmental impacts. This book highlights the current state-of-the-art in materials for carbon capture, providing a comprehensive understanding of separations ranging from solid sorbents to liquid sorbents and membranes. The book addresses the methods and technologies currently being applied, developed, an And now the punchline: with all of these problems, perfect carbon capture could possibly help with EXACTLY ONE. Carbfix captures and dissolves CO₂ in water, then injects it into the ground where it turns into stone in less than two years. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is the major use of CO2 today. What technologies could be developed that would result in high-pressure CO In Immunity to Change, authors Robert Kegan and Lisa Lahey show how our individual beliefs--along with the collective mind-sets in our organizations--combine to create a natural but powerful immunity to change. This book approaches the energy science sub-field carbon capture with an interdisciplinary discussion based upon fundamental chemical concepts ranging from thermodynamics, combustion, kinetics, mass transfer, material properties, and the ... x��V]o�J}���G����~�� ��T�M��C�J�t�s�[������l ��aa?f��93�^H>�p�|�� OSMƐ\�XXnz����g�s�[0(�zE�}�^f�PY�,u�R%,�{Q��~��4Lr�ԋ���` �'�� �3!�:1"��P�6JrQ�����Xe9_�e��s2��$��Y�q�\���*_'7߿�a�m6��[�#�}���4���2�`vۋ�����, � ��k濫u���bI�n������^���/0{ߋ. https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/06/27/workshop-truck-electrification/. By. At-a-glance. How can capture technologies best be integrated into energy conversion processes to achieve the desired performance targets? Carbon Capture is actually a process in which the Carbon Dioxide is trapped at its emission source, and then transported it to an underground storage location, and isolating it there. A previous State of the Planet blog post written by freelance science writer Renee Cho details the different ways carbon dioxide can be removed from the atmosphere. This book presents a comprehensive review of the latest information on all aspects of the post-combustion carbon capture process. Yes sir, Always interested in a fellow researcher. The entire machinery that aids in this process is called Carbon Capture Technology. You yourself said most of the CO2 captured is used to pump out more fossil fuels. This volume, a collection of papers presented during the Cutting-Edge Technology for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CETCCUS), held in Clermont-Ferrand, France in the fall of 2017, is dedicated to these technologies that surround ... The book Carbon Dioxide Capture: Processes, Technology and Environmental Implications aims at presenting the recent developments for CO2 capture processes in fossil fuel power plants (i.e. pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxy ... Carbon Capture Technology Assessment: In Brief Congressional Research Service capture technology, actions that significantly limit emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere ultimately would be needed to realize substantial and sustained reductions in the future cost of CO2 capture. But as the technology approaches 100% efficiency, it gets more expensive and takes more energy to capture additional CO 2.. London-based startup builds a small, modular unit that can trap emissions at a much lower cost than existing technologies. We Already Have the World's Most Efficient Carbon Capture Technology Empress trees mature several times faster than your average oak or pine and absorb about 103 tons of carbon a year per acre. It is certainly a site worthy of a bookmark]. Around 98 percent of the injected CO2 remains permanently trapped in the sub-surface. In the private sector, several companies are turning CO2 into profits. The work presents a comprehensive comparison of capture technologies. This title contains 18 invited chapters that provide in-depth information on the principles of carbon capture and storage technology and recent advances and future research and development in the CCS technology field. (that’s twice the CO2 created in the UK.) ��d�&�;�m���<7��L?7��ެ�?�ǵa����u�J8�2��TK�B8������W��4߿�������jL1�R�M�o�i#�����a%6m:K�7���e��h'�g�]�����g�V}��&��U�����@V@�R�t����B�;y�>i�季�z�y�EO��ό�#�Z&.�c]�x�cI����*� ��·�YD�\��D����ӱ]9�,�B�r�l���-=�εY��:$� �t��S��h�u��=�k���9l�,j���*�o�M�����]T�Q|���� ��^_�����Uj��5mS/d0�x�&�bP�x�T��o���;Rp3OBٚ%*O�6oMI?x]p�xT�����&F�S��By=��&�&Ϛ���3O"Y����"�1pZT�j%�% :�����"��!2 �����4?H�ELae:o����r����y�?����-�� ���l��=��}��x��^�H�#��,��i ɽ�;3ޘ#�w�d�ыy�+��l�m ��RNs��Ք;��������5Y��L�z༊���!�فh.O��yz���r4_ڊ�൛jY`�������s�M
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