TVO was granted an operating licence by the Finnish government for OL3 in March 2019. According to western media, the Finnish Defense Ministry wants to analyze the risks associated with the construction of the Finnish-Russian nuclear power plant "Hanhikivi-1" in the country. The Hanhikivi 1 project will change the landscape of the municipality. Fennovoima is the license applicant and operator of the plant. According to the commissioning programme, the plant will produce 1-3 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity with varying power output during the period between grid connection and the start of regular electricity production. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. It consists of two boiling water reactors (BWRs), each producing 890 MW of electricity, together comprising 22% of the country's . Registered in England and Wales, number 01215741, TVO cleared for fuel loading at Finnish EPR, TVO receives further shareholder loan commitment, Further delay in commissioning of Finnish EPR, TVO seeks go-ahead for Olkiluoto EPR fuel loading. This report describes the results of radiation monitoring carried out by the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) in the environment of Fortum's nuclear power plants in Loviisa and Teollisuuden Voima's (TVO) nuclear power plants at Olkiluoto in 2019. "Through the fuel loading, Olkiluoto 3 is now a nuclear power plant, and we are a significant step closer to the realisation of Finland's greatest single act for the climate," said Marjo Mustonen, senior vice president for electricity production at TVO. A two-meter high security fence now rings the entire 555-hectare site, while over there, says Sipiläinen, pointing to two large craters filled with muddy water, is where the reactor and turbine halls will sit. The poll was made in 07/2015 and it gathered 1056 answers. These tests must be completed before the unit achieves first criticality and commissioning for commercial operation. Finnish power company Teollisuuden Voima (TVO) operates and owns two nuclear power stations on the island of Olkiluoto which supply about one-sixth of Finland's energy consumption and . By clicking on 'Allow' or any content on this site, you agree that cookies can be placed. In operation since 1977 and 1980, the units have since been modernized, with their operating permits extended through to the end of the next decade. The Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant consists of two boiling-water reactors and one pressurised-water reactor Sun Lee The concept of geological disposal has been advocated since the 70s. In December 2018, unit 1 of the Taishan plant in China's Guangdong province became the first EPR to enter commercial operation, and was followed by Taishan 2 in September 2019. In addition, a new nuclear Finnish nuclear officials report 'serious' incident at Olkiluoto reactor, but no radiation leak. All Rights Reserved, Get our FREE weekly newsletter straight to your inbox, COP26: বিশ্বব্যাপী কয়লা শক্তি শেষ করতে যা লাগবে তা এখানে – The Kolkata Fashion. Construction of the partly Russian-owned nuclear power plant is controversial.Photo: Thomas Nilsen Start-up in 2029. Another deciding factor was the attractive turnkey agreement that Rosatom offered. This story is part of New Europe's Premium content. Tiivistelmä: Mikromaanjäristykset Baltian kilvellä : seismotektoninen analyysi Kaakkois-Suomessa, Loviisan ydinvoimalan ympäristössä. We also conducted an ecological anal- This reactor plant type was developed by OKB Gidropress, a subsidiary of Rosatom. VTT has assisted all Finnish nuclear power plants and many customers internationally in plant life management, plant life extension and power uprate, and we have supported regulators in their review work and . To be granted the license, the company . Its iron and steel production consumes one percent of all electricity in Finland. All that’s needed now is a construction license. “We will try to make a profit, but we also want to be responsible for Finland and the global environment”. The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2015-2018, SAFIR2018, continues a series of Finnish national research programmes in nuclear energy that started in 1989. But the Finnish nuclear safety authority (STUK) later confirmed that the situation was stable and the reactor had been shut down. With 2,800 employees the plant is hungry for cheap electricity. There are two nuclear power plants operating in Finland: the Loviisa and Olkiluoto plants. Posiva will be responsible for the final disposal of nuclear waste produced by TVO's Olkiluoto nuclear power plant (NPP) as well as Fortum's Loviisa NPP in Finland. The updated license application says construction of the plan itself might begin in the summer of 2023, given the building license is granted by the Finnish authorities by the summer of 2022. After that the fuel can be freely tendered. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Currently some 18 VVER units from Russia operate safely in five EU countries. 20% did not know their opinion. With 2,800 employees the plant is hungry for cheap electricity. This site uses cookies, for a number of reasons. The project was opposed to a clearly higher portion of 51%, than the supporting portion, which was 29%. This book will benefit nuclear researchers, safety experts, human factors professionals and power plant operators, as well as those with an interest in human factors outside of the nuclear field. Nuclear issues, Nuclear Russia. Increasing energy efficiency in SMEs for a clean energy transition: 7 projects provide guidelines and good practices, A toolbox for energy efficiency in the cold chains of the food and beverage sector, Implementation map on barriers and success factors for E1st in buildings. In Business Finland funded co-innovation joint actions, companies and research organizations collaborate to develop new knowledge and innovations to serve as a basis for international business activities. This marked the beginning of the installation activities of nuclear components, coinciding with the start-up testing of electro-mechanical systems. Hanhikivi 1 is a planned nuclear power plant in Pyhäjoki, Northern Finland. Additional plant status information is made available on the web page after 28 days. Germany 2021: coal generation is rising, but the switch to gas should continue, Nuclear Fusion: U.S. and China race to build world’s first commercial plant, How to share the cost of an EU-wide Hydrogen network. The Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety is a four year programme funded through the Finnish Nuclear Energy Act to ensure that, should new matters related to the safe use of NPPs arise, the authorities possess sufficient technical expertise and other necessary competencies. Nuclear power is the largest source of energy in Finland, with total production of 2,700MW which accounted for 29% of the energy produced in 2009. The abbreviation SAFIR2018 is used for the new research programme. Higher than expected vibration of the pressuriser surge line belonging to the reactor cooling circuit at the Olkiluoto-2 nuclear power plant under construction in Finland remains "the biggest open issue" arising from hot functional tests carried out in 2018, the regulator . Last week's defect on a Chinese nuclear EPR reactor has not led the nuclear safety authority of Finland, STUK, to demand the Finnish nuclear power company TVO to put a hold on their plans to start their test production on their similar Olkiluoto 3 reactor, Montel News write. Wärtsilä, a leading global supplier of flexible power plant solutions, has been contracted to supply emergency diesel generators for the Olkiluoto nuclear power plant in Finland. Found inside – Page 1412... 19 : 10344 ( R ; US ) TVO - 1 REACTOR Operation of Finnish nuclear power plants : Quarterly report 1 st quarter , 1993 , 19 : 3546 ( R ; FI ) Operation of Finnish nuclear power plants : Quarterly report 3rd quarter , 1992 , 19 : 688 ... JSC Rusatom Overseas and Fennovoima have signed a plant supply contract to construct a nuclear plant of the AES-2006 pressurized water reactor design . There are two nuclear power plants operating in Finland: the Loviisa and Olkiluoto plants. To carry out the loading operations, an integrated team of about 40 employees from TVO, Areva and Framatome has been formed. The first VVER plants were built before the 1970s, and also in Finland, experiences of their use have been good. Kessler’s legacy as anti-fraud chief left an enduring mark on the EU, EU cybersecurity agency says hackers target supplier’s code, Denmark is leading the race against Russian hackers, Only a fully digital Europe can keep up with China and the US, Learning from COVID to tackle the tobacco epidemic, Belgium postpones planned easing of measures after spike in cases, Brussels warns six EU countries against travel restrictions. SKB (Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB) is responsible for managing the waste created by Fortum's co-owned nuclear power production in Sweden. Scheduled to commence operations in 2025, the Onkalo nuclear waste repository is expected to hold approximately 6,500t of spent nuclear fuel over an estimated operational life . . Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Fennovoima now employs about 300, and over half of them in Forsström’s project department: she has eight teams of engineers and technicians, of which some have more than 35 years experience in working with VVER technology. European Commission should intensify political action in 2021 to align Renovation Wave with EU Climate Targets, BPIE says. “We will try to make a profit, but we also want to be responsible for Finland and the global environment.”. "The bids are requested for the delivery . As of 2010, apart from Olkiluoto 3, three more plants are being assessed - Olkiluoto 4, Loviisa 3 and Fennovoima. Pre-construction activities are ongoing at the project site, while construction is expected to be commenced upon receiving construction license from the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear . We use cookies to tailor your experience, measure site performance and present relevant offers and advertisements. The loading of fuel into the Flamanville EPR in France, construction of which began in December 2007, is now scheduled for the end of 2022. Finnish regulator prepares for SMR licensing. The Loviisa plant comprises two VVER 440-type pressurised water reactor units) operated by Fortum Power and Heat Oy and the Olkiluoto plant two boiling water reactor units operated by Teollisuuden Voima Oyj (TVO). Finland is a net power-importer and wants to cut its dependency on Russia and Sweden. © COPYRIGHT 2021 NEW EUROPE | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COP26: a strategy for tackling “imported deforestation”, Climate Finance: the loopholes that are causing greenwashing, Will COP26 set right the booming Carbon Offset Market, Will Wind & Solar confront its 10 challenges? OSTI.GOV Conference: Spent fuel management of the Finnish nuclear power plants TVO was granted an operating licence by the Finnish government for OL3 in March 2019. A grid-scale battery storage system will be built at the site of a nuclear power plant in Finland, providing backup in the event of disruption to grid supply. The catcher is a special design feature of the VVER that traps and retains molten core material in case of a meltdown. The Finnish energy company Fennovoima purchased the nuclear power plant as a turnkey delivery. Future of Finnish nuclear. The plant is supplied by Rosatom's Finnish subsidiary RAOS Project Oy, which is responsible for the design, construction, installation, and commissioning of the power plant. Accidents and incidents, Nuclear issues. We use cookies to provide the best experience for you. The project is building a Finnish business ecosystem that offers nuclear power plant decommissioning services. This article was first published inWorld Energy Focus 2016, a magazine produced by Energy Post for theWorld Energy Congress in Istanbul. Unit 2 of the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant was shut down, and no . “In this respect the requirement level of STUK has increased,” says Project Director Minna Forsström. This study assessed frequencies of LOOP The shares don’t equal dividends, but resemble a cooperative, or what’s referred to in Finland as the “mankala” business model. Fennovoima submitted the construction license application in summer 2015. Western Europe's first new nuclear power . In Raahe, a town some 20 kilometres up the coast, the leadership of the SSAB Ruukki steel plant also supports the plans. A total of 241 fuel assemblies manufactured in Framatome's plants in Germany and France will be transferred from storage and loaded into the reactor vessel to constitute the first core. The Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant (Finnish: Olkiluodon ydinvoimalaitos) is one of Finland's two nuclear power plants, the other being the two-unit VVER Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant.The plant is owned and operated by Teollisuuden Voima (TVO), a subsidiary of Pohjolan Voima, and is located on Olkiluoto Island, on the shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, in the municipality of Eurajoki in western Finland . Finland's Olkiluoto-3 nuclear plant full generation pushed back to March 2021. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The diesel generators, which are a part of the power plant's safety systems, are for the Olkiluoto 1 and Olkiluoto 2 . The Parliament enacted the condition that owners from Finland or the European Economic Area must always hold a majority ownership of at least 60% in the project. The start of Finland's much-delayed Olkiluoto 3 nuclear reactor has been pushed back by a further three months, with full power production now scheduled for June 2022, operator TVO said in a . The move follows the receipt of a permit from the country's Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) the previous day. In turn, they are entitled to tax-free power at producer prices, in proportion to their holdings. The programme is funded by the Finnish State Nuclear Waste Management Fund (VYR), as well as other key organisations operating in the area of nuclear energy. SOCHI, Russia - Fennovoima is proceeding with plans to build the Hanhikivi 1 nuclear power plant in the northern Finnish city of Pyhäjoki and expects to receive the construction license in 2021, Fennovoima CEO Toni Hemminki told New Europe in an interview on the sidelines of the 2019 Atomexpo XI in Sochi on 15 April. According to Lehto, owners’ equity will cover €1.7 billion of the estimated €6.5 billion to €7 billion cost of the reactor, with the rest coming from loans which Rosatom is responsible for securing. VVER-1200 is a third-generation pressurised water reactor (PWR), in practice based on the proven VVER technology. London — Regular production at TVO's 1.6 GW Olkiluoto-3 nuclear reactor in Finland is due to start in March 2021, six months behind schedule, the operator said Thursday. Tiivistelmä: Keskisuuren jäähdytteenmenetysonnettomuuden TRAP-MELT3-analyysi Loviisan ydinvoimalaitoksesta. Estimates are for Hanhikivi 1 to produce about 9 TWh of electricity annually, which is half the total amount of electricity Finland imported in 2014. Some 3,000 to 4,000 will be involved during construction. Electricity production at the plant unit will be stopped for the duration of the work on . “The people of Finland have not lost belief in nuclear itself as we have four good reactors which are all still running today”. As several dozen municipal utilities are included among the Fennovoima shareholders, this has made for wide-ranging dialogue in town councils across Finland about their participation in the project. “Hanhikivi will be the most modern, the safest and best plant there is in the world,” proclaims Matti Soronen. Found inside – Page 23Given the limited nuclear expertise available in the country when the orders were placed , the fact that the two utilities opted for completely different reactor systems , and the harsh Finnish winters which inevitably pose extra ... Concrete silos at Hanhikivi will be of a thickness ratio that prevents possible radiation leakage, but which will also be strong enough to withstand an outside force such as an airplane crash. Finnish Fennovoima's CEO Toni Hemminki after an interview with NE at the international forum Atomexpo, Sochi, Russia, May 14, 2018. The final goal being introducing AM in nuclear design codes in Finland for 2029 at latest. Roughly 700,000 cubic tons of rock have been excavated, explains Jouni Sipiläinen, the construction director of Fennovoima, the company owned by a consortium of Finnish companies and municipalities that aims to build and operate the VVER-1200 reactor designed and supplied by Rosatom, the Russian nuclear energy company. Rosatom will “have to show who is doing what and when, and they have to show they have certified the quality assurance and quality control. According to Lehto, the project terms contributed to the wide buy-in from Finnish society at all levels. Finnish-Russian nuclear plant delayed by four years Latest embarrassing setback for consortium that had promised the project would run on time An illustration of the Hanhikivi 1 nuclear power plant The Olkiluoto-3 nuclear power plant in Finland. The company said that a disruption occurred at 12.22 in which "an isolation of main steam lines has launched an isolation which has isolated also the containment" [sic]. The head of the Defense Ministry's Department for Real Estate and the Environment, Sara Kayander told the media that the department is considering associated geopolitical risks as well […] Description: In the year 2002, the Finnish Government granted Finnish energy company Teollisuuden Voima, or TVO, permission to build a third nuclear reactor in the nuclear power plant Olkiluoto in the municipality of Euraåminne in . Finland's Olkiluoto 3 nuclear reactor faces another delay By Nora Buli OSLO, Aug 23 (Reuters) - The start of Finland's much-delayed Olkiluoto 3 nuclear reactor has been pushed back by a further three months, with full power production now scheduled for June 2022, operator TVO said in a statement late on Friday. After a very long delays in construction (ten years) it seems that this nuclear power plant might start in 2020. The annual dose constraint is less than 2% of the average annual dose of Finnish people of If not, we need Nuclear, CCS, and more, UNEP 2021 Emissions Gap report: only 11 countries have net-zero targets enshrined in law. This reactor plant type was developed by OKB Gidropress, a subsidiary of Rosatom. French power plants; it had delivered altogether 93 nuclear power Areva acts in the position of the main contractor and the plants. The Finnish consortium of power and industrial companies stated last week that its effort to ensure the design and licencing materials meet the Finnish standards has taken longer than expected, predicting that a building permit for the plant could be secured by mid-2022 instead . There are roughly 8000 regulatory guidance protocols involving design specs for the plant’s safety, construction and operation, as well as requirements for detailed management plans of the organizations of both Fennovoima and the plant supplier. The Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011 has led to additional safeguards being implemented across the nuclear industry. Currently Fennovoima’s main priority is the licensing process. A nuclear reactor in Finland entered an automatic shutdown after a radiation spike was detected inside the plant's systems on Thursday, but no radiation escaped the facility. "How Finland's nuclear waste experts discern far future Earths, and what the rest of us non-Finns and non-experts can learn from them"-- Loviisa nuclear power plant in 2015-2016, and IRRS follow-up mission (IAEA's Integrated Regulatory Review Service) carried out in Finland. Finland to start constructing nuclear plant with Russian reactor in 2021. Found inside – Page 48Canada's electricity generation in 1989 was about 484 TWh and fell in 1990 to about 467 TWh . ... Finland licenses nuclear power plants in three stages : a decision in principle ; a construction license ; and an operating license . To find out more check our cookies and privacy policy. That is welcomed by the industry and energy companies as well as small municipalities across the country, like Pyhäjoki, which are susceptible to sharp increases in electricity prices as a result of costly imports. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. A new video, Finland Might Have Solved Nuclear Power's Biggest Problem, debuted on YouTube this morning and has been seen already by a large number of viewers.The video takes a look at Finland's efforts to lessen its reliance on foreign energy and meet its goal of carbon neutrality by 2035 with nuclear power, as well as to provide a solution to the problem of spent nuclear fuel. The loading of fuel will be followed by a commissioning phase lasting several months during which TVO will conduct a new series of hot functional tests to verify the plant's systems work correctly. report is the Finnish National Report for the Fifth Review Meeting in April 2011. I can really say nobody has ever before brought together that kind of team in Finland.”. New Finnish Nuclear Plant Moves Forward. mock up Hanhikivi in Bay of Bothnia (photo Fennovoima). 3 May 2013 at 3:00 PM E. Europe Standard Time. Signing of Contract. Finnish nuclear power company Fennovoima is the developer. OL3 is scheduled to be connected to the grid in October this year, with regular electricity production due to start in February 2022. The plant is owned and operated by Teollisuuden Voima Oyj (TVO) a Finnish nuclear power company owned by a consortium of power and industrial companies, the biggest shareholders being Pohjolan Voima and Fortum. “The people of Finland have not lost belief in nuclear itself as we have four good reactors which are all still running today,” says Jussi Lehto, head of Kerava Energy and also the CEO of Voimaosakeyhtiö SF. Found inside – Page 87Hylkilä, I. (2003) Suomen viidennen ydinvoimalan lobbaus kansanedustajan näkökulmasta (Lobbying the Fifth Nuclear Power Plant Unit in Finland from the Point of View of a Member of Parliament). Unpublished Masters thesis study in ... public visit to Hanhikivi June 2016 (photo Fennovoima). No, this is not the notorious Olkiluoto-3 EPR being builty by Areva– this is Hanhikivi 1, to be built by Rosatom. MOSCOW (Sputnik) - One of the reactors at the Olkiluoto nuclear power plant in western Finland was shut down on Friday due to a minor leakage of radioactive liquid, nuclear power company Teollisuuden Voima said in a press release. I don’t know where these facts are from, but as a Fin and an inhabitant of Pyhäjoki, I felt it like my civil duty to check them. Overview of AM in nuclear power plants draft roadmap (Sirén, 2019). The Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant (Olkiluodon ydinvoimalaitos) is on Olkiluoto Island, which is on the shore of the Gulf of Bothnia in the municipality of Eurajoki in western Finland.It is one of Finland's two nuclear power plants, the other being the two-unit VVER Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant.The plant is operated by Teollisuuden Voima, a subsidiary of Pohjolan Voima. The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2015 - 2018 . The rest of the shares (34%) are owned by Rosatom through its Finnish subsidiary RAOS Voima. The previous hot functional test - carried out without nuclear fuel in the reactor - was completed in 2018. It means the plant supplier Rosatom has to align these procedures into a management system and supply chain that already includes 300 companies. The incident occurred in reactor 2 of the Olkiluoto power station, in the southwest of the country at 12.22 local time (11:22 CET). Finland's nuclear safety authority said Thursday that radiation levels had risen following an incident at the Olkiluoto 2 nuclear unit in western Finland but there was no radioactivity leakage outside the plant and that the situation was under control. The mayor of Pyhäjoki, a municipality of 3,207 inhabitants, Soronen views nuclear power in terms of economic growth. SOCHI, Russia – Fennovoima is proceeding with plans to build the Hanhikivi 1 nuclear power plant in the northern Finnish city of Pyhäjoki and expects to receive the construction license in 2021, Fennovoima CEO Toni Hemminki told New Europe in an interview on the sidelines of the 2019 Atomexpo XI in Sochi on 15 April. According to the STUK report, the nuclear power companies have long-term programs for managing the ageing of the plants, ensuring the planned lifetime of the plants . Finland’s regulatory process involves a single approval for the construction licence application, unlike the multiple steps found in some other jurisdictions. It includes around 15 fuel handlers, personnel specialised in fuel handling operations, and four neutronics engineers in charge of monitoring the core during loading. Fennovoima had originally expected to start construction of the plant in 2019. Two EPR units are also under construction at Hinkley Point C in Somerset, England. The International Atomic Energy Agency said it was informed about elevated radiation levels at a nuclear power plant in Finland. Nuclear power plant. All times are based on eastern time. The preparation of SAFIR2018 followed the established arrangements of national nuclear plant safety research programmes. The only new UK nuclear power station to get the go-ahead so far is EDF Energy's Hinkley Point C in Somerset.That 3,200-MW plant, which would be powered by two European pressurized water . "This is a . The deal also makes sense for Finland from a macro-viewpoint. In Raahe, a town some 20 kilometres up the coast, the leadership of the SSAB Ruukki steel plant also supports the plans. Of the four existing reactors in Finland, the two power plant units in Loviisa (to the east of Helsinki) are of the VVER-type. Construction of the Finnish Olkiluoto 3 1,600MWe nuclear power plant reached a milestone on 22 June 2010, after installation of the reactor pressure vessel in the reactor building. Pyhäjoki is one of 57 Finnish owners which comprise of municipalities, industrial companies and power companies that own a piece of the power plant as shareholders in Voimaosakeyhtiö SF, which owns 66% of Fennovoima. Tiivistelmä: Moottoritoimisten venttiilien vika- ja korjaustietojen analysointi ydinvoimalaitoksessa. Following election flop, Zaev announces resignation plans, US, UK and Europe launch ‘Just Energy Transition’ partnership with South Africa, EU, US and Partners launch Global Methane Pledge to keep 1.5C within reach, EU, UNEP launch International Methane Emissions Observatory, Fearing recovery setback, OPEC+ sticks to plans to raise oil output gradually, KazMunayGas and Linde ink MoU under green hydrogen and ammonia project, A secret €56 mln operation to remove Russia from a post-Soviet country, The last deception, worse than the first*. VVER-1200 is a third-generation pressurised water reactor (PWR), in practice based on the proven VVER technology. The most important development in the Finnish energy sector in recent years has been the construction of a new nuclear power plant. "Through the fuel loading, Olkiluoto 3 is now a nuclear power plant, and we are a significant step closer to the realisation of Finland's greatest single act for the climate," said Marjo Mustonen, senior vice president for electricity production at TVO. Finnish power market. As other nuclear power plant suppliers', also Are- buyer and the owner of the plant is a Finnish company va's interests lie in the East, and the company is targeting TVO (Teollisuuden Voima). A high-profile French-backed nuclear power plant in Finland has been delayed yet again, meaning it is likely to start production more than a decade late. UPM-Kymmene and Stora-Enso are two large Finnish paper industry companies behind all these new nuclear plants in Finland/Europe. Fennovoima is working on tackling all challenges and is confident to receive the construction license in 2018. Tiivistelmä: Loviisan ydinvoimalaitoksen aktivoituneen käytöstäpoistojätteen aktiivisuusinventaari. A poll commissioned by environmental group WWF’s Economic Research shows that the majority of Finland oppose the construction of the Fennovoima nuclear power plant in Pyhäjoki. The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2019 - 2022 National nuclear safety research aims at high national nuclear safety assessment capability. These cookies do not store any personal information. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website.
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